Style and Stylistics Essay Example for Free

Style and Stylistics Essay What is a thesis? Your thesis is not your dissertation. Neither is it a one liner about what you are doing. Your thesis is a position or proposition that a person (as a candidate for scholastic honors) advances and offers to maintain by argument. [Websters 7th New Collegiate Dictionary]. I looked at how people play chess is not a thesis; people adapt memories of old games to play new games is. Similarly, I wrote a program to play chess is not a thesis; playing chess requires a database of actual games is. A thesis has to claim something. There are many kinds of theses, especially in computer science, but most of them can be lumped into one of the following classes: 1. process X is a feasible way to do task Y 2. process X is a better way to do task Y than any previously known method 3. task Y requires process X 4. people use process X to do task Y 5. process X is a terrible way to do Y 6. people dont use process X Feel free to substitute process X with memory organization X or what ever else might make one theory different from another. Make sure you clearly specify the class of tasks Y to which your thesis applies.Besides being a proposition, a thesis has to have another property: it must say something new. Understanding natural language requires context is not a thesis (except maybe in a linguistics department); process X is a feasible mechanism for adding context sensitivity to natural language understanders is, as is context is not required for visual understanding. What is a defense? A defense presents evidence for a thesis. What kind of evidence is apprpropriate depends on what kind of thesis is being defended. Thesis: process X is a feasible way to do task Y  One defense for this kind of claim is an analysis of the complexity, or completeness, or whatever, of the theoretical algorithm. In computer science, the more common defense is based on empirical results from running an experiment. A good defense here means more than one example, and answers to questions such as the following. What are the capabilities and limits of  your experiment? How often do the things that your experiment does come up in the real world? Whats involved in extending it? If its easy to extend, why havent you? If your example is a piece of a larger system, how realistic are your assumptions about input and output? Thesis: process X is a better way to do task Y than any previously known method The same kind of defense applies here as in the previous case, but now serious comparisons with previous systems are required. Can your result do the same examples the previous results did, or can you make them do yours? Can you prove they couldnt do your examples? If you claim to be more efficient, what are you measuring? Thesis: task Y requires process X This is usually defended by a logical argument. It is usually very tough to do, even if the argument doesnt have to be formalized. Thesis: people use process X to do task Y Many students make the mistake of picking this kind of thesis to defend. It requires serious experimental evidence to defend, unless your real thesis is of the previous form, i.e., only process X is possible. Selected excerpts from protocols and surveys of your officemates are not psychological evidence, no matter how much they might have inspired your work. Thesis: process X is a terrible way to do Y, or people dont use process X This is a reasonable thesis if process X is a serious contender. The defense would be an analysis of the limits of process X, i.e., things it cant do, or things it does wrong, along with evidence that those things matter. I have lots of theses in my dissertation. Which one should I pick for my defense? Defending a real thesis is hard. If you think you have a lot of theses, you probably just have a bunch of undefended claims. One good thesis, or two so-so theses, with adequate description and defense, is more than enough to fill up a dissertation. I have the opposite problem. I dont think I have any thesis by these standards. Highly unlikely. If youre bright, educated, and have worked hard on a topic for more than a year, you must have learned something no one else knew before. The first mistake that students make is to think that a thesis has to be grander than the theory of relativity. A thesis should be new and interesting, but it doesnt have to change the foundations of all we believe and hold dear.Dont try to come up with a thesis first, and then investigate it. Start by exploring some task domain.  Take some initial ideas and push them hard for a year or so. Now, stop and think about what youve done and what youve learned. Among your accomplishments and experience, there will be several good candidate theses. Pick one. Test it out on your advisor and other faculty members. Test it out on other students. Is it a claim that you can describe clearly and briefly? Is it a claim that anyone cares about? Is it a claim that people dont find perfectly obvious, or if they do find it obvious, can you convince them that it could easily be false.Once youve refined your claim into a good thesis, now you can determine what kind of defense is appropriate for it and what more you need to do. This is where the hard part comes, psychologically, because to create a defense for your thesis, youre going to have to attack it harder than anyone else. What happens if the thesis fails? Negate it and defend that! In a year or so of focused research, you should be ready for a real thesis defense. See how easy it is, once you know how? Almost all of us—even if we don’t do it consciously—look early in an essay for a one- or two-sentence condensation of the argument or analysis that is to follow. We refer to that condensation as a thesis statement. Even if your assignment doesn’t ask a specific question, your thesis statement still needs to answer a question about the issue you’d like to explore. In this situation, your job is to figure out what question you’d like to write about. A good thesis statement will usually include the following four attributes: * take on a subject upon which reasonable people could disagree * deal with a subject that can be adequately treated given the nature of the assignment * express one main idea  * assert your conclusions about a subject Overview of Thesis Styles * A thesis is a written document chronicling research conducted by the student in a particular area. Besides documentation of results and interpretation of experimental research, the document contains an extensive review of the literature pertaining to the subject area. * In general, the thesis begins with an overall statement of introduction and purpose for the study, including overall objectives. This section is followed by the literature review. This literature review stands alone, and is presented in  addition to the literature cited when discussing the results of the research. The results of the research are then documented, including information on the methods, results and discussion of results. The last part of the thesis is usually a general discussion designed to draw broad conclusions, synthesize information, and suggest areas for future study. In most cases, a thesis contains more detailed information than would normally be submitted for publication. * In general, the master’s thesis should demonstrate that the student has mastery of the field in which she/he presents her/himself, and is fully conversant with the relevant literature. An essential feature of Ph.D. study is the candidates demonstration of competence to complete a research project and present the research findings. The Ph.D. thesis must constitute a distinct contribution to knowledge in her/his major field of study and the material must be of sufficient merit to be, in the judgement of the examiners, acceptable for publication. * There are two main thesis styles: 1. The Traditional Style Thesis in which the major components the methods, results of the research and discussion are presented in discrete sections following the overall introduction and literature review. As indicated above, a general discussion should normally follow the discussion of the research results. * 2. The Paper Style Thesis is similar to the traditional style thesis in a broad sense, except that the research results are packaged as discrete units or chapters, either as published manuscripts, or in a form suitable for publication in scientific journals. In the paper style thesis, each section or chapter has its own abstract, introduction, methods, results and discussion in addition to the overall abstract, general introduction and literature review. If the chapters have been published or are more or less ready for publication, the paper style thesis may not contain as much detail as the traditional style thesis. * The choice of thesis style depends to an extent on the kind of study that was done, whether discrete chapters are warranted or the material is best described as a single entity. The style is chosen in consultation with, and approved by, the student’s advisory committee before writing commences. The following sections describe the main elements of each style of thesis.

Comparing the Humility of Kings in Shakespeares Richard II through Henry V :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Humility of Kings in Richard II through Henry V  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though Shakespeare was a conservative, he believed in the humility of Kings. The plays Richard II through Henry V assert Shakespeare's idea that a King must understand the common man to be a good ruler. These four plays chronicle the history of three Kings' ability to recognize, relate to, and be part of the humanity he rules. Shakespeare advocates his belief with the falling of Richard II, who could not or would not understand his subjects; the constancy of Henry IV, whose combined humility and strength won him the thrown; and Hal, whose raucous behavior led his father to worry and his country to victory. King Richard II is Shakespeare's example of a king who removes himself from the reality of the common people. Richard views his position as a source of amusement. His "cares" as King, other than an opportunity for an agreeable audience, are merely a burden. Instead of investigating the accusations of treachery from Henry and Mawbrick, he exiles both men as an easy way out. Richard was born a King, and knows no life other than that of royalty. Unfortunately the lesson that must know men to rule them costs him the thrown. Richard's lesson influences his usurper and his usurper's heir to the thrown, demonstrating to them both the value of humility. After exiling Henry, Richard takes the opportunity to criticize his "courtship to the common people." His speech at first seems to merit Henry for his sociability, but it quickly becomes clear that, to Richard, commoners are not fit for royal consumption: How he did seem to dive into their hearts With humble and familiar courtesy, What reverence he did throw away on slaves, Wooing poor craftsmen with the craft of smiles (I.iv.25-8) Shakespeare is of course establishing Henry's ability to gather support from the masses, the very key to his victory over Richard later in the play. The speech also clarifies Richard's position on the subject to underline this contrast between the two men. To fine tune Richard's character, Gaunt gives a revealing and unbridled description of Richard to his face just before dying. After Richard exiles the soul heir to his estate, Gaunt is bitter and fed up with his weak and pompous qualities: A thousand flatterers sit within thy crown, Whose compass is no bigger than thy head,

Interview with Manager

Table of content 1Introduction:2 1. 1Objectives:3 2Manager of Marketing and Customer Service in the partnership Uzdrowisko Iwonicz S. A. :3 2. 1Ideal model of manager:4 2. 2Key responsibilities of Marketing and Consumer Service Manager:5 2. 3Typical working day:5 3Marketing and Customer Service organization structure:6 4Key factors affecting good team work:7 5Conclusion:7 6Bibliography:8 Balon Sandra [email  protected] ac. uk Assignment Brief: ‘Interview with a Manager’ Introduction to Management MM11020 Introduction:According to the definition, manager is a person responsible for controlling or administering an organization or group of staff. He controls the professional and business activities, supervises and monitors people who directly report to him. (No data, Oxford’s on-line dictionary). There are many different types of management jobs. Even for jobs with similar titles, the duties may change significantly from one company to another. Depending on the siz e and kind of company, as well as typical work activities may alter.Average tasks and responsibilities involve dealing with staffing issues such as interviewing potential staff, as well as providing or organising training and development. Manager is responsible for maintaining staff by recruiting, selecting, and training employees. Also, maintaining a safe, secure, and legal work environment; developing personal growth opportunities, creating friendly atmosphere to makes the company comfortable for their team members. I interviewed Krzysztof Guzik, Manager of Marketing and Customer Service. The company which I have choosen is Polish Uzdrowisko Iwonicz S.A.. In accordance with their official website it is first and one of the most popular SPA company in Poland. Iwonicz-Zdroj is the largest and oldest resort in Podkarpacie region, which attract attention patients from all over Europe. Medicinal qualities of mineral water occurring there, described Wojciech Oczko in 1578. He was a cour t physician of Polish King Stefan Batory. After that people started to pay attention to the perfect spa atmosphere in Iwonicz- Zdroj. In the seventeenth century the spa facility enjoyed great popularity in the country and beyond (2011, http://www. zdrowisko-iwonicz. com. pl/). Objectives: The primary mission of the partnership Uzdrowisko Iwonicz S. A. with headquarters in Iwonicz- Zdroj is a complex spa services, with treatment conducted on the basis of local raw materials and medicinal qualities of the environment. Company is dealing with the production of the spa natural medicinal resources for customers, spas, and other treatment facilities in the country and abroad. Uzdrowisko Iwonicz is responsible for production unique ecological cosmetics and medicines based on natural raw materials used in the spa treatment.Krzysztof Guzik maintain that beginning of firm goes back to the 1867s, when the method of obtaining iodine and bromine salt were developed and implemented. Iodine and br omine salt from Iwonicz is a recognized and certified medicine in rheumatic as well as neurological and orthopaedic diseases. It is used in the medicinal baths and wraps. Product Is also used for inhalation in the treatment of air- passages illness. The second traditional medical preparation is a peloid cube, produced under the supervision of the pharmaceutical industry.This is specially prepared and can be easy use to wraps at home which makes this product really desirable. Iwoniczanka is a name of brand for products made by Uzdrowisko Iwonicz S. A.. Mark combines over 430 years-experience of using spas natural medicinal materials from Iwonicz- Zdroj and the latest achievements of cosmetology. This makes Iwoniczanka and Uzdrowisko Iwonicz S. A. really desirable brand as well as company. The partnership includes: Spa hospital ‘Excelsior’, Sanatorium ‘Pod Jodla’, Sanatorium ‘Stare Lazienki’, Sanatorium ‘Bialy Orzel’, Sanatorium â₠¬ËœUstronie’, Spa Sanatorium ‘Number IV’, Spa TreatmentCentre, ‘Stary Palac’, Pump Room and also production of ecological cosmetics. All products are available in cosmetics shops all over the Poland and also on their website via the on-line store. The main objective for the company to makes it more recognizable. Manager of Marketing and Customer Service in the partnership Uzdrowisko Iwonicz S. A. : In according to Krzysztof Guzik the company employs 246 people, whereas 10,2% constitute a managerial positions. Mr Guzik is the manager of Marketing and Customer Service in Uzdrowisko Iwonicz S. A. since 2001.His previous experience include being the head of the Tourist Information Centre in a Regional Development Agency Karpaty S. A. Krosno. He graduated from the Academy of Physical Education in Krakow with a degree in tourism. As a head of department in Uzdrowisko Iwonicz S. A. he manages a team of 50 people. During his career, he went through numerous courses and trainings. Previous work experience as well as current vacancy helped him to develop his professional skills and deal with complicated tasks and controlling the team the most effectively as is possible.Asked about his biggest weakness described the perfectionism. Krzysztof explains that he is up to his ears in work. ‘For all the time I am staying in work longer than it is necessary. Before I get out of work I have to check again what I managed to do that day, and plan the next – includes the major, most important tasks to do. To be honest I do not like when I have just one job to do. I like to work on many fronts at once – then I become the most efficient in my own work. I really like my job. Sometimes I am too involved in the life of the company and the implementation of the tasks of my business. This aspect excellently testify about his professionalism as well as work engagement and commitment. What is more, he emphasis that good relationship with p eople- both with customers and business partners and communication skills represents his major strengths. Ideal model of manager: It is not easy to describe ideal manager. As I mentioned previously depending on the size of company and position the duties may change significantly. What is possible to outline some distinguished characteristics of perfect manager. A good manager should have a good skills in communicating with people.Really worth in this kind of job is good relationships – both with colleagues, partners and customers as well. He has to be very open minded and approachable. He should persuade workers that they can count on him whenever they need. The ability to resolve conflicts and deal with difficult problems should be consider as an important aspect. What is worth, employees may find him helpful and supportive. Manager has to behave objective, be fair and honest around subordinates. What more, good manager should be comprehensively oriented in entire managed re alm. Manager of Marketing need to have a good knowledge of the customers.He should consider how to best create value, satisfaction and achieve loyalty for its. Important is to develop long-term relationships with potential customers. Marketing manager should be able to know how to satisfy its customers. Moreover, he should be open minded for new ideas. He is responsible for affairs such as promotion, advertising services and spa products. That is way he should distinguish as a creative, responsible and confidence. The next and one of the most important role of a marketing manager is to carry out marketing research and analysis.The marketing manager should do a thorough marketing research and analysis. It might help in order to possess a detailed understanding of their own business and the entire market. Key responsibilities of Marketing and Consumer Service Manager: As a manager of Marketing and Consumer Service Krzysztof is mainly responsible for marketing, advertising, promotion, designing ads for a variety of publications, directories, newspapers, etc. , cooperation with travel agencies, search and acquisition of commercial customers.The major task also includes to manage affairs in the following areas: collaboration with partners – preparing contracts and agreements for the provision and sale of the spa and supervision of their implementation as well as sales and settlement services. He is also liable for maintain cordial relationships with the stake holders and shareholders of the company and develop long- term relationship with potential customer. As manager he is expected to act as a role model for Uzdrowisko Iwonicz S. A. values, to support the development of the required company’s performance standards.He is responsible for the organization and quality of work of subordinate in his department. Good communication skills he has plays crucial role in his job. As a head of division he has the ability to hire, promote and fire employees withi n his department. Also, observance of labour discipline and estimation of subordinate employees. Subsequent responsibility involve cooperate with the Company's organizational units to conduct and develop sales of spa treatment. This is very wide range of actions on which there has to be supervision. Managing and work organization of the 50-people team is not an easy task.He must be focuses on every aspect regarding the team which require sincere work engagement and commitment. Manager is also responsible for the atmosphere in manage department as well as whole company, which gives a huge opportunities to achieve planned objectives. Comfortable atmosphere may spawn staff works more efficiently. Krzysztof Guzik mentioned in interview that they employees identify themselves with the company. They know what is the meaning of the term company’s mission. Also, what is required to achieve a goal. The atmosphere in the company is friendly which encourage to execute planned targets. T ypical working day:It is really hard to describe just one working day. Every day is different from the other and there is always plenty stuff to work out. For the most part Krzysztof Guzik is working from 7. 00 am to 3. 00 pm every day from Monday to Friday. Due to his manager’s position- time which he has to sacrificed for work is much longer. Sometimes he has to work during weekends. Usually his tasks includes a lot of correspondence to answer, receive a number of telephone call from customers, partners and implementation of the tasks set for the day. He explains that most of the tasks is trying to set the day before to help employees to deal with them.Unfortunately sometimes it is impossible, we cannot planned everything and more urgent matters to do comes out during the day. Krzysztof spend a lot of time for the analysis, planning, assessment of the current situation. He has to be in constancy contact with the other directors of the company to find the best way to exploit the potential of the company. Also, to discuss the business strategy to achieve the goal. Despite the fact that he is busy manager he always find a time to meet with staff for example to discuss the project, to separate duties if it is necessary, solve problems, etc.He is also responsible for meetings with customers, partners, guests of the spa. Like he said: ‘Every day brings new challenges and tasks with whom I have to deal with. ’ Marketing and Customer Service organization structure: The whole Marketing and Customer Service department carries a focus over many different functions. Therefore, the structure of an company must be good considered and arranged properly on each organisation’s level. The Marketing and Customer manager is the head of the department and supervises seven departments as is shown on the chart number 1.The Marketing and Customer Service manager is accountable to the four higher level of company’s organization structure such as Ann ual General Meeting, Supervisory Board, Management and Chairman of the Board. Company's organizational chart: Department of renovation and investment Materials Management and Administration Department Chief Accountant Accounting Department Budgeting and Financial Analysis Department Head of Finance Technical Magazine Department of protection of sources and sales Main specialist for the sources protection and production Marketing DepartmentInstitution of the SPA production SPA Institution Director of Sales and Marketing Customer Service Office Administrative Department of SPA Director of the Private Team ZOZ Rehabilation Clinic Wellness Department Institute of Natural Medicine Pump Room Sanatorium Medical Department Spa hospital „Excelsior† Department for Infections Quality Control Department Secret Office Plenipotentiary for Classified Information Department of human resources, organization and management Chief Specialist for the Management of Health and SafetyIT Departm ent Chairman of the Board Annual General Meeting Supervisory Board * Management Plenipotentiary for quality management Department of renovation and investment Materials Management and Administration Department Chief Accountant Accounting Department Budgeting and Financial Analysis Department Head of Finance Technical Magazine Department of protection of sources and sales Main specialist for the sources protection and production Marketing Department Institution of the SPA production SPA Institution Director of Sales and MarketingCustomer Service Office Administrative Department of SPA Director of the Private Team ZOZ Rehabilation Clinic Wellness Department Institute of Natural Medicine Pump Room Sanatorium Medical Department Spa hospital „Excelsior† Department for Infections Quality Control Department Secret Office Plenipotentiary for Classified Information Department of human resources, organization and management Chief Specialist for the Management of Health and Safety IT Department Chairman of the Board Annual General Meeting Supervisory Board * ManagementPlenipotentiary for quality management * * Key factors affecting good team work: A team works well when the members understand what they will be compensated for their efforts. A team is driven by a common goal. There begins the role of the manager, which is very important, valued and should be appreciated. There is a lot of different approaches concerns ideas of being good manager. One of the ways is to impose a good impact on a team and to increase their effectiveness. Manager should hold regular meetings to keep a team updated on important information and to offer training.The development of an effective team requires a positive manager’s attitude due to persuasion that every team needs coordinator. Thanks to good management, the team members elicit the possibility to gain new skills which may be helpful in the future. Due to his encouragement he may allow people to self-development and gives them opportunities for being promoted to higher positions. Conclusion: Currently, partnership such as Uzdrowisko Iwonicz S. A. is becoming more recognizable company and brand on Polish domestic market place as well as on European. Managing and work organization of this team members is not an easy task.Manager has to be in persisting contact with the other directors of the company to find the best way to exploit the full potential of the firm. Manager have to be focuses on every realm regarding the team, the work they do, the process of manufacturing, approval process of many tasks and a lot of different aspects. His point of view plays crucial role in company’s making decisions process. There is wide range of actions on which he supervises. Dealing with the documents within the department, regarding the team and the work they do is very complicated and require personal skills which may help to coordinate the team work.Good manager must keep up to date every issues with in the company and has to find the best practice to solve struggled problems. Basically, manager does not have to be an expert in every kind of realm. Sole criterion which is required to being a master within his position. There is plenty of approaches which describe model of ideal manager. The most significant characteristic mainly involve efficient decision making, creativeness, responsibility, self- confidence as well as good communication skills.Conclusively, the manager is an important and valuable person occupying higher level of company’s position. He is responsible for making decisions Bibliography: Oxford University Press. (no data). Oxford  dictionary. [on-line]  Available at: http://oxforddictionaries. com/definition/english/manager. Last accessed 17th January 2013. Uzdrowisko Iwonicz S. A. (2011). Uzdrowisko Iwonicz S. A.. [on-line] Available at: http://www. uzdrowisko-iwonicz. com. pl/. Last accessed 17th January 2013.

Bee vs. Wasp Differences and Similarities

Some species of bees and wasps look very similar. Both can sting, both can fly and both belong to the same order of insects,  Hymenoptera. The  larvae  of both look like maggots. They also have many differences, too, in terms of aggressiveness, body characteristics, food types, and sociability. Close Relatives Bees and wasps belong to the same suborder, Apocrita, which is characterized by a common narrow waist.  It is this thin junction between the  thorax  and the abdomen that gives these insects  a slender-looking waist appearance. However, look closely and youll see that the abdomen and thorax of a bee is more round, whereas a wasp has a more cylindrical body.​​ Aggressiveness If youve been stung out of the blue, it was probably a wasp. In general, neither bee nor wasp will go looking for humans or other large animals to attack. Bees and wasps sting humans and other animals only for self-defense or to protect their colonies. Compared to wasps, however, bees are less aggressive. The bees stinger mechanism is strictly for defense, and most honeybees will die after stinging a predator or other threatening being. That is because bee stingers are barbed, and stay in the target of the sting attack. The loss of its stinger causes bodily injury to the bee that eventually kills it. On the other hand, a wasp is easily provoked and is more aggressive by nature. A wasp stings to capture and kill prey. Wasps can sting a target multiple times since its stinger is smooth and slips out of its target; wasps can also sting while you try to brush it away. And, when a wasp is harmed or threatened, it releases hormones to mark the target for its family swarm to attack. Foods of Choice Bees are vegetarian and are pollinators. They sip nectar from flowers and can also drink water and bring water back to the hive to clean it. They do not kill and consume other insects. Wasps are more predatory than bees, hunting and killing prey including caterpillars and flies. However, wasps do sip on nectar too. They are attracted to the smell of human food, such as sugary beverages and beer, which is why you find them buzzing around. Bees also generate edible and attractive foods suitable for humans and other mammals. Bees make honey, honeycombs of (relatively) edible wax and royal jelly. Royal jelly is a special food high in proteins and carbohydrates which is secreted by worker bees and fed to all larvae and queen bees — in fact, queen bees only become queens after having been fed royal jelly. Some wasp species do make a kind of honey, which they also store in their nests to feed their larvae, but with much less output than bee honey. Home and Social Structure Another key difference is how bees and wasps live. Bees are highly social creatures. They live in nests or colonies with up to 75,000 members, all in support of a single queen bee and the colony. Different species of bees construct different types of nests. Many species build hives, a mathematically intricate structure made of a densely packed matrix of hexagonal cells made of beeswax, called a honeycomb. The bees use the cells to store food, such as honey and pollen, and all to house the next generations eggs, larvae, and pupae. Stingless bee species (Meliponidae) build bag-like homes without precise structures, and often establish nests in caves, rock cavities, or hollow trees. Honeybees dont hibernate over the winter — although the queen lives for three years or so, the worker bees all die off when winter comes. For the most part, wasps are social, too, but their colonies never have more than 10,000 members. Some species choose to be solitary and live entirely on their own. Unlike honey bees, wasps have no wax-producing glands, so their nests are made from a paper-like substance built of redigested wood pulp. Solitary wasps can create a small mud nest, attach it to any surface, and make that its base of operations. The nests of some social wasps, such as hornets, are first constructed by the queen and reach about the size of a walnut. Once the sterile daughters of the queen wasp come of age, they take over construction and grow the nest into a paper ball. The size of a nest is generally a good indicator of the number of female workers in the colony. Social wasp colonies often have populations exceeding several thousand female workers and at least one queen. Wasp queens hibernate over the winter and emerge during the spring. Quick Look at Apparent Differences Characteristic Bee Wasp Stinger Honeybees: Barbed stinger is pulled out from bee, which kills the beeOther bees: Live to sting again Small stinger that slips out from victim and wasp lives to sting again Body Rounder body usually appears hairy Usually slender and smooth body Legs Flat, wide and hairy legs Smooth, round and waxy legs Colony Size As many as 75,000 No more than 10,000 Nest Material Self-generated beeswax Self-generated paper from wood pulp or mud Nest Structure Hexagonal matrix or bag-shaped Ball-shaped or stacked cylinders Sources Downing, H. A., and R. L. Jeanne. Nest Construction by the Paper Wasp, Polistes: A Test of Stigmergy Theory. Animal Behaviour 36.6 (1988): 1729-39. Print. Hunt, James H., et al. Nutrients in Social Wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) Honey. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 91.4 (1998): 466-72. Print. Resh, Vincent H. and Ring T. Carde. Encyclopedia of Insects, 2nd edition. 2009. Print. Rossi, A. M., and J. H. Hunt. Honey Supplementation and Its Developmental Consequences: Evidence for Food Limitation in a Paper Wasp, Polistes Metricus. Ecological Entomology 13.4 (1988): 437-42. Print. Triplehorn, Charles A., and Norman F. Johnson. Borror and Delongs Introduction to the Study of Insects. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2004. Print.